The consistency of EU foreign policies towards new member states

This paper analyses the relation between transfers, migration and income levels. While European countries have been very generous by opening their frontiers to trade, investing in transition countries, and accepting as EU new members some of the latter, their migration policies were less liberal. The policy coherence debate is an old theme in the international economics literature, which is revisited here by looking at the relationships between aid and migration policies towards new member states. Are they substitutes or complements? What happens if eastern European labour markets conditions improve? In theory, potential migrants will stay home, and the concern of being invaded by skilled/unskilled workers searching for better conditions and higher wages in the old member states can be alleviated. But in practice, at low level or revenue in the origin countries, economic progress can result in lowering a budgetary constraint (potential migrants cannot afford the cost of moving), leading to more migration pressures. We therefore compute the critical level of GDP, above which an increase in European transfers and improvement in economic situation of the recipient country will not lead to an increase in migration pressures by decreasing the cost of moving. It amounts to 2837 $US for within European migration. We argue that this critical level is not the same for a skilled and for an unskilled individual. In other words, the critical revenue, under which a skilled individual with better opportunities abroad decides to migrate, will be higher than the critical revenue for an unskilled worker, who may be better off by staying home and looking for a job at home: US$15085 for the former, and US$ 4384 for the latter. This has an important implication, namely that in some cases, increasing financial transfers will result in increasing the gap between skilled and unskilled departures from countries suffering already from a brain drain phenomena.Aid, Migration, Foreign policy coherence, The consistency of EU foreign policies towards new member states, Economic Papers

170 GBit/s transmission in an erbium-doped waveguide amplifier on silicon

Signal transmission experiments were performed at 170 Gbit/s in an integrated $Al_2O_3:Er^{3+}$ waveguide amplifier to investigate its potential application in high-speed photonic integrated circuits. Net internal gain of up to 11 dB was measured for a continuous-wave 1532 nm signal under 1480 nm pumping, with a threshold pump power of 4 mW. A differential group delay of 2 ps between the TE and TM fundamental modes of the 5.7-cm-long amplifier was measured. When selecting a single polarization open eye diagrams and bit error rates equal to those of the transmission system without the amplifier were observed for a 1550 nm signal encoded with a 170 Gbit/s return-to-zero pseudo-random $2^{7}-1$ bit sequence

SOA - NOLM in Reflective Configuration for Optical Regeneration in High Bit Rate Transmission Systems

This paper presents a theoretical and experimental investigation of optical signal regeneration properties of a non-linear optical loop mirror using a semiconductor optical amplifier as the active element (SOA-NOLM). While this device has been extensively studied for optical time division demultiplexing (OTDM) and wavelength conversion applications, our proposed approach, based on a reflective configuration, has not yet been investigated, particularly in the light of signal regeneration. The impact on the transfer function shape of different parameters, like SOA position in the interferometer and SOA input optical powers, are numerically studied to appreciate the regenerative capabilities of the device.Regenerative performances in association with a dual stage of SOA to create a 3R regenerator which preserves the data polarity and the wavelength are experimentally assessed. Thanks to this complete regenerative function, a 100.000 km error free transmission has experimentally been achieved at 10 Gb/s in a recirculating loop. The evolution of Bit Error Rate for multiple pass into the regenerator and the polarization insensitivity demonstration to input data are presented

Cléopâtre dans les tragédies françaises de 1553 à 1682 (Une dramaturgie de l'éloge)

Dernière reine d Égypte, Cléopâtre est, en France, la première héroïne de tragédie. Présentée comme un monstre de débauche et d ambition par les auteurs latins, elle devient une figure majestueuse et digne sur la scène : la dramaturgie humaniste naît sous le signe de l éloge.L entrelacement des thèmes et des motifs, la composition des pièces ainsi que le travail stylistique et rhétorique des dramaturges mettent en place un tribunal où est instruit le procès de Cléopâtre, l étrangère, la femme fatale qui a déjà séduit César et qui, responsable d Actium, précipite la mort de Marc Antoine. Mais le suicide de la reine est mis en valeur par le recours au dénouement étendu, instrument dramaturgique au service d une logique d héroïsation. Ainsi réhabilitée dans le théâtre humaniste et classique , la figure de Cléopâtre illustre à merveille la définition du héros tragique.Cleopatra, the last queen of Egypt, is the first heroine of tragedy in France. Depicted by Latinauthors as a debauched and ambitious monster, she became a lofty and dignified figure onstage: thus was born humanist dramaturgy under the sign of eulogy. The interlacing ofthemes and topics, the composition of the plays together with the stylistic and rhetorical workof the playwrights set up a court where is conducted the trial of Cleopatra, the foreigner, thefemme fatale who had seduced Caesar and who, responsible for the defeat of Actium,hastened Mark Antony s death. But the suicide of the queen is enhanced by the use of theextended outcome, a dramatic instrument serving a logic of heroizing. Thus cleared of hermisdeeds in the humanist and "classic" theatre, the figure of Cleopatra marvelouslyillustrates the definition of the tragic heroAVIGNON-Bib. numérique (840079901) / SudocSudocFranceF

La Boucle à Recirculation Courte: Un nouvel outil pour evaluer une ligne de transmission régénérée optiquement

session orale 31 « Systèmes et réseaux de télécommunications » [Ma31]National audienceNous présentons une technique pour caractériser la cascadabilité et la résistance au bruit d'un régénérateur optique. L'impact du rapport signal sur bruit optique sur les performances du régénérateur ainsi que l'efficacité de la régénération sont évalués au débit de 42,6 Gbit/s

4×170 Gbit/s DWDM/OTDM transmission using only one quantum dash Fabry Perot mode-locked laser

oral session 6.C "High Bit-Rate Transmission"International audienceWe demonstrate a 4×170 Gbit/s DWDM/OTDM transmission experiment using only one quantum dash Fabry-Perot mode-locked laser. BER measurements show a penalty of 1dB at BER=10^-9 for back-to-back and error floor for BER=10^-8 for transmission over 100 km

Etude numérique de l'impact du filtrage optique sur les propriétés régénératives d'un convertisseur de longueur d'onde interférométrique en configuration différentielle

Session affiches 19 « Systèmes et réseaux de Télécommunication » [A10.2]National audienceDans cet article, nous présentons l'étude numérique des propriétés régénératives d'un convertisseur de longueur d'onde interférométrique à base d'amplificateurs optiques à semiconducteurs, en configuration différentielle. Nous avons démontré qu'en optimisant le filtrage optique, nous pouvons améliorer la qualité du signal en sortie du convertisseur en réduisant notamment l'effet de « patterning » lié à la réponse lente de l'amplificateur optique à semiconducteurs

Enhanced four wave mixing in slow light GaInP photonic crystals waveguides and 40 Gbit/s transmission assessment

International audienceWe report here the experimental demonstration of the slow light enhancement of four wave mixing conversion efficiency and bandwidth in III-V photonic crystals waveguides, and 40Gbit/s transmission assessment with BER measurements

Efficient second harmonic generation in nanophotonic waveguides for optical signal processing

International audienceWe report very efficient second harmonic generation in membrane photonic crystal waveguide. The combination of absorption-free material and slow-light enhancement enables a large harmonic generation efficiency. A peak pump power of about 450 mW generates up to 45 lW peak second harmonic power over a broad spectral range. The signal is exploited to demonstrate optical performance monitoring of data at 42 Gb/s